The Deterioration Of The Aristotelian Worldview - 1069 Words

The deterioration of the Aristotelian worldview began around the time of the Reformation of the Catholic Church. The reformation of the Catholic Church up until this time had been in control of the teachings and discoveries at that time until Martin Luther questioned the Church and its teachings. Luther had brought to people’s attention how controlling the Church was over what was being taught and the people began to realize that there could be more out in the world to discover. People began to become curious and wanted to read the Bible and think for themselves. Along with the Reformation, the pushing of the Muslims from the East created an opportunity of scientific discoveries to occur. The Muslims had caused the people to move and take ancient books with them that contained different philosophical discoveries from scientist such as Hippocrates, Galen, Euclid, etc. Scientist were amazed at the discoveries and beliefs that were founded and could not believe that they had not known about them. Reading about their discoveries and beliefs caused scientist to build off of what the early philosophers had founded. Scientists that played important roles in the deterioration of the Aristotelian worldview was Nicolas Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, and Galileo. These men put forth information that early men of astronomy and philosophy could not imagine and the advancement in technology was to thank for that. Nicolas Copernicus realized that the Ptolemaic system did an awful job of

White Collar Crime The Effects and Punishments - 5087 Words

White Collar crime has been a hot topic since the 20th century. Edwin Sutherland introduced the term at the fourth annual meeting of the Sociological Association. At this meeting he explained who this type of criminal is and what the criminal does for a living. Sutherland developed a theory to try and fit this type of criminal. The theory is differential association. There are four different pieces of evidence to understand the theory. White collar crime ranges from Embezzlement to Mortgage Fraud. This paper will explain several incidents which are involved with white collar crime and how it hurts many individuals from families to businesses. The sentencing guidelines help convict criminals. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act helped add on top of the†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The New York Times in 1931 reported four cases of embezzlement in the United States with a loss of more than $1 million each and a combined loss of $9 million. Although a million dollar burglar or robber is pra ctically unheard of, the million dollar embezzler is a small-fry among white collar criminals. The estimated loss to investors in one investment trust from 1929 to 1935 was $580 million†¦ 2. This financial loss from white collar crime, great as it is, is less important than the damage to social relations. White collar crimes violate trust and therefore create distrust, and this lowers social morale and produces social disorganization on a large scale. * White Collar Crime: The Uncut Version, 1983 One can conclude that Sutherland says white collar crime is the most dangerous type of crime because it financially hurts a society. The statistics provided by Sutherland was of embezzlers, white collar crime creates morale conflicts within a society and social disorganization; it is also unethical in day to day business practices. Due to the threats that white collar crime creates in a society, Sutherland was able to reject previous criminology theories of psychopathological or economic factors (i.e., being from lower class and poverty, broken home) that explain/justify criminal behavior. Sutherland created the differential association theory, which was to include all crimes from all classes, lower class and upper class society.Show MoreRelatedStreet Crime And White Collar Crimes766 Words   |  4 Pageseconomic crimes goes up as well. Either it’s the street crimes or the white-collar crimes/corporate crimes but which of is a wide spread crime. Street crime and white-collar crimes affect the people negatively. You would be hurting yourself and others. Even though, street crimes are more violent then the white-collar. White collar effect you devastating you finacially and emotionally. Street crimes are more generally physical effect. White-collar crimes have financial issue and street crime have safetyRead MorePolice Corruption within XYZ Organization Essay1076 Words   |  5 Pagescontributor to crime, personal decision. By utilizing a blend of the two, I think we are able to see how personal choice and the ramifications of those choices are directly related to each other. The deterrence theory focuses on what deters criminals from making the overt act, while the self-control theory defines what a criminal looks like who does in fact follow through on the act. This two-prong approach provides an answer for both a proactive and reactive response to white-collar crime in generalRead MoreEssay Deviance is Relative1566 Words   |  7 Pages Counter-stere otypical behavior may be viewed as acts of deviance; Phelan and Rudman defined backlash effects as â€Å"social and economic penalties for counter-stereotypical behavior† (2008). Phelan and Rudman concluded â€Å"When stereotypes are violated, people take notice.† I have seen people take notice of two men holding hands. Phelan, J. E., and Rudman, L. A. provided a few examples of the effects of deviance. A particular female puffing on a cylindrical roll of tobacco sticks out like a sore thumbRead MoreWhite Collar Street Crime Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesWhite-Collar Crime or Street Crime: Which is More Costly to Society? What is crime? Merriam-Webster defines crime as â€Å"an act or the commission of an act that is forbidden or the omission of a duty that is commanded by a public law and that makes the offender liable to punishment by that law† (Merriam-Webster). There are many types of crime but the two this paper will focus on are street crime and white- collar crime. There is no definitive definition of street crime, but it is generallyRead MoreThe Ford, Firestone, And The Financial Corporations On Wall Street1706 Words   |  7 PagesPBS documentary and the TIME article, describe how the behaviors of corporations, such as Ford, Firestone, and the financial institutions on Wall Street, could or should be understood as crime whether or not they have been prosecuted? How do these activities differ from those involved in â€Å"typical† street crimes? I believe that the behaviors of the Ford, Firestone, and the financial corporations on Wall Street were considered criminal behaviors. There was sufficient evidence against these corporationsRead MoreCrime And The Crime Rates1532 Words   |  7 Pagesno education, race, and age median. Poverty and crime are most related to those who reside in the slums, ghettos and hoods. Various crimes committed in poverty areas may be organized crimes. The main focus of these organized crimes is drugs and drug trafficking. A lot of areas remain in poverty because businesses do not want to build in the area because of the crime rates. Children who are raised around violence and crime tend to commit more crimes than those who do not see it growing up. Race isRead MoreWhite Collar Crime By Edwin Sutherland Essay2527 Words   |  11 Pages White Collar Crime Name Institutional Affiliation Currently, white collar crime is one of forms of crime that legal authorities are constantly combating. According to Hasnas (2004), a white collar crime is a non-violent crime committed by someone, especially to achieve financial realisation through deceit. The term â€Å"white collar crime† was coined by Edwin Sutherland in 1939 defining it as â€Å"crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of hisRead MoreThe s Discipline And Punish898 Words   |  4 PagesIn Focult’s â€Å"Discipline and Punish† (1977), he stated that laws were made for the rich to serve their needs. Its applicability and the way it’s administered and enforced caters to the rich and not the poor (Foucault, 1995). When crimes are committed by the rich, they have an arsenal of attorneys who are able to keep them from jail in addition to keeping the information away from the media. The poor do not have the luxury of retaining adequate represen tation. Inequalities do not end withRead MoreDeviance Is A Violation Of Social Norms1637 Words   |  7 PagesImagine someone rich or powerful committing crimes without the fear of serving consequences. The crime may include murder, robbery, or stealing. Deviance is a label for an action or behavior that violates social norms. Social norms are rules or expectations which usually guide members of society. Deviance is nonconformity to these norms. Social norms can vary from culture to culture and is defined in numerous ways. Many researchers believe that deviance is a violation of social norms. Some believeRead MoreA Brief Note On Notorious Cases And Implications2065 Words   |  9 PagesIV. Notorious Cases and Implications a) Belfort case The leniency in sentencing can be shown by examining a few larger publicized cases of white-collar crime. One of the most iconic examples of white-collar crime is Jordan Belfort. Belfort started a business in the 80 s called Stratton Oakmont that was a â€Å"Long Island penny-stock boiler room he ran. However, Belfort’s business was not making its money legally. It turns out that they laundered money and manipulated stock prices. In 2003, Belfort

Disordering Fantasies of Coal and Technology †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Disordering Fantasies of Coal and Technology. Answer: Introduction In Australia, energy policy is subject to the policy goal of three layer of government. In case of primary industries like coal and other minerals, policies are undertaken through active intervention of state and federal government. In view of interrupted supply of energy, Energy White Paper, a government of science, innovation and industry, designs Energy policy framework. In recent days, energy supply in Australia is highly disrupted. Therefore, a steady long term policy framework is needed to handle the situation. In a recently published article in The Australian, President Malcom Turnbull has announced future energy policy of the state. Present paper makes an economic analysis of the published article. The government has set a high bar on the national energy policy. The target is to provide a uninterrupted power supply at an affordable price. At the same time the target of reduced energy emission will also be kept in mind. The prime minister has given assurance to energy chiefs that the government is designing long-term policies to provide certainty to too the investors investing in new stations (theaustralian.com.au 2017). The federal government has adapted the recommendation of reviewing electricity market and taken a clean energy target mission. The federal officials are arranging meetings with retail electricity suppliers. Detail discussions has made with them to know the accrual picture of the energy market. Before taking any long-term policy, focus has been given on short run policy measures. This information is important to take decision on long term policy (theconversation.com 2017). Another long run policy target in energy sector includes attempts to fill the gaps of base load power. However, government also recognizes the importance to maintain an investment friendly environment to fulfill the long run policy targets. Economic theories and concept Supply of a good or services present producer ability of supply the good or service at different prices. In free market equilibrium supply matches with the demand and hence efficient price prevail in the market. Any change in demand supply condition leads to abnormally high or low price in the market. If there are any shortage in the supply then supply curve shifts to the left. In this time, demand exceeds available supply, pushing the prices up (Cheung and Davies 2017). The situation of supply shortage is explained in the following diagram In Australia, consumers are suffering from power shortage and this pushes the price up. A significant portion of Australias overall power supply comes from South Australia. The subsidized wind power plants in these regions enjoy considerable cost benefits (Gillingham et al. 2013). Closing down of the existing plants in other parts of Australia has created problem in supply front. The situation further aggravates with the decision of some gas plant to hold production capacity. All these created trouble to consumers who are left with paying high price and even suffering from a power shortage (Hughes and Urpelainen 2015). The situation thus indicates the inefficiency of government interventionist policies. The subsidies given to energy plants in South Australia lead to concentration of market power in the hands of energy suppliers there (Marshall 2016). Energy plants in Victoria and few powerful gas generators enjoy considerable market power. The decision to provide subsidy to plants was taken under the scheme of Renewable Energy Target. However, the recent problem of power shortage and high price questions the subsidy decision of labor government (Lenzen et al. 2016). Prime Minister Turnbull thus gives stress on an efficient energy management policy. Flawless supply of energy requires storage of energy. It is needed to store the energy in appropriate form such that it can be made available whenever needed to match electricity supply and demand. Storing energies in the form of electricity in batteries, heat or as pumped water is usually subject to high cost (Chen and Yin 2017). Recommendation Energy is used in every sphere of economic activity. Industrial progress largely depends on the flawless supply of energy. Therefore, federal government should give attention in designing efficient energy policy. This requires detailed investigation on the existing inefficiencies of the management. The management should focus on securing long-term interest of the consumers. The unutilized energy resources should be reviewed and make an afford to utilized these resources. An advisory board should be formed for efficient designing of energy policy. More use of renewable energy should be given focus to secure an uninterrupted power supply both for domestic and industrial purpose. Conclusion In the assignment, analysis has been done on energy policy of Australia. In connection to disturbance recorded in the power supply in the previous year appropriate energy policy is utmost need of Australia. In this regard, Prime minister has declared long-term policy goal of the nation. Special attention has given on the issue of supply shortage and proper storage of energy so that it can be made available at times of crisis. In the end, some recommendations have been made for betterment of energy policy in Australia. References Chen, W. and Yin, H., 2017. Optimal subsidy in promoting distributed renewable energy generation based on policy benefit.Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy,19(1), pp.225-233. Cheung, G. and Davies, P.J., 2017. In the transformation of energy systems: what is holding Australia back?.Energy Policy,109, pp.96-108. Gillingham, K., Kotchen, M.J., Rapson, D.S. and Wagner, G., 2013. Energy policy: The rebound effect is overplayed.Nature,493(7433), pp.475-476. Hughes, L. and Urpelainen, J., 2015. Interests, institutions, and climate policy: Explaining the choice of policy instruments for the energy sector.Environmental Science Policy,54, pp.52-63. Lenzen, M., McBain, B., Trainer, T., Jtte, S., Rey-Lescure, O. and Huang, J., 2016. Simulating low-carbon electricity supply for Australia.Applied Energy,179, pp.553-564. Marshall, J.P., 2016. Disordering fantasies of coal and technology: Carbon capture and storage in Australia.Energy Policy,99, pp.288-298. Turnbull works on long-term energy policy. [online] Available at: https://theaustralian.com.au/news/latest-news/turnbull-works-on-longterm-energy-policy/news-story/28110d4d8114c95f2a1929c85f6a42d4 [Accessed 12 Aug. 2017]. Turnbull's energy policy vision: heavy on direction, light on action. [online] Available at: https://theconversation.com/turnbulls-energy-policy-vision-heavy-on-direction-light-on-action-72272 [Accessed 12 Aug. 2017].

Audit Assurance and Compliance of luxury travel holiday Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Audit Assurance and Compliance CJI. Answer: CJI an audit firm led by audit partner Geoff, Michael first-year accountant, and Annette, an accountant in CJs tax advisory department has been the auditor of luxury travel holiday [LTH] a travel company from past few years. In different situations audit manager of CJI has identified and evaluated various threats each of these is discussed below. Threatsof Self-Interest And Advocacy A self-interest threat and advocacy threat may arise when the auditor is been asked to promote the organization and auditor put its personal, financial and self-interest in decision making. All this unethical behavior will influence the professional judgment and overall affect the auditor independence. As per the given situation, LTH providing self-interest and advocacy threat to CJI of reappointment only after promoting LTH business in next travel agency seminar (ACCA, RELEVANT TO ACCA QUALIFICATION PAPER P7 , 2012). Threats Of Self-Interest In Gifts And Hospitality To show sincerity towards audit firm and create long relationship in anticipation of smooth audit, Gifts and hospitality were offered by the client to a member of the audit team which gave rise to self-interest threat. There is a issue in particular circumstance because the offer of gifts influences the auditor judgment in favor of the client that might create an unethical and a bias audit observation and affect the overall auditor independence. As per the given situation of LTD, threat exists for CJI firm as its members judgment is influenced by accepting a free offer of free 14 days holiday package voucher to the Greek isles for both Geoffs and his family (ACCA, RELEVANT TO ACCA QUALIFICATION PAPER P7 , 2012). Threats of self-interest which occoured due to the personal relationship This circumstance occurs when in case there is a situation where the person related with the audit assignment or the partner of the audit firm has a personal relationship with any key personal of the company in which the auditor is working out audit assignments. This will create certain threats related to self interest factors of the auditor. As in the particular case audit team member might be more sympathetic towards the client and make a decision in accordance with the benefit close family member personal interest. As per the given situation there might be a biased auditor judgment because Michael is having close family relationship with LTH financial controller. Audit client receive non-assurance services (self review threat) When any non-audit service such as tax calculation and accounting entries performed by any auditor or by any person from the audit team influence the audit professional judgment and overall affect the audit independence as per the given situation Annette being the member of audit team helping the client in tax calculation and accounting entries affects the auditor judgment. Reviewing the self inputted transaction will affect the auditors independence as he will not try to observe errors and frauds in the work done by him or any other member of the audit team (Kaplan, 2012). Safeguard Safeguard are the various measure available to CJI being get protected. They shall be the applied against the threat faced by professional to eliminate them in an acceptable manner. CJI has identified various safeguard of each threat in given situation Safeguard against various threats CJI should not promote LTH business as it creating self-interest and advocacy threat to the company. CJI should take educated, trained and experienced employees requirements before entry into profession. CJI should make disciplinary procedures while conducting the audit in LTH. CJI should create leadership that stress on employees to act in an ethical manner. Auditor should communicate all significant deficiencies in writing to TCWG. CJI should prohibit its audit team members in accepting any valuation gifts and hospitality from its client that may results into long term relationship because it affect the auditor judgment and independence. CJI should give more interest to ethical conduct and maintain proper internal control CJI should not assume the policies and procedure of management decision Policies and procedures are timely communicate to employing organization CJI should conduct the audit in accordance with standards of auditing (ACCA, ANSWERING AUDIT RISK QUESTIONS, 2015). CJI should dismiss the individual like Michael from the engagement team who shares close relationship with the client company financial reporter. CJI should enable quality control review. More importance is given to ethical code of conduct. Job rotation is the best safeguard for close family relationship threat. Rotation of auditing partner and his term as per such interval as prescribed. CJI should obtain reasonable assurance of financial statement as a whole is free from material misstatements like fraud or error. CJI should ensure that the accounting services not performed by Annette the member of audit team. Strict action against the audit member who violates the rules and performs beyond the audit regulation. Work done should be reviewed by another professional Identify and detects unethical behavior in the organization (IRELAND, 2014). Auditor should identify and assess risk material misstatement. The right to access given to the auditor to the book of accounts and other documents. Note - If the above safeguard cannot be reduced the auditor should withdraw from the engagement Business risk associated with the current organsiation Business risks are certain hazards on happening of which might enhance the vulnerability of the enterprise. The business risk in MSL are the factors that could prevent and hinder the organizational goal and objective the ultimate business risk among the various risk faced by the organization is the risk that seizes to be a going concern. Therefore company faces various risks factors that might contribute towards business failure examples of business risk include- Loss of MSL customers when work is not done by employee as per their accordance. Increase in production cost of spares and equipmentdue to increase in labour cost, raw material cost, equipment cost etc. Cash flow problem when cash proves inadequate to meet the financial obligation of the company. Decline in product demand of MSL due uncertain event in the market. Litigation and claims face by MSL due to employeesmisbehavior in different countries remote areas. Technological obsolescence arises when technology become obsolete may no longer be competitive in the market. Increase in market competition. This risk arises when MSL face large competitors from international market. Business risk results in reduction of profitability due to uncertain market condition. Risk of facing political and economic instability. This risk arises when some political decision affect the profitability of the business. Risk of overtrading is a term in financial statement analysis. Overtrading occurs when MSL accepts work and tries to complete it, but finds that fulfillment requires more capital, cash, people and net working capital. Risk of inadequate financing involve risk of financial transaction such as company loan, and its exposure to loan default. Sometimes high financial risks might contribute to business failure. Risk of embezzlement and defalcation of cash by employees and management of MSL group. Risk of fraud and error. In the particular case study the current organsiation has its business of manufacturing and selling the equipment and spare parts which are handful in doing the mining jobs. MSL has operational centers in Perth, Newcastle, and Mt. Isa. Warehouses the equipment and spare parts and provide for sales and maintenance services. An auditor with Crampton and Hasaad has found various audit risk while auditing the financial statement of MSL (ACCA, ANSWERING AUDIT RISK QUESTIONS, 2015). Audit risk There is a great probability that the auditor associated with the business enterprise might lack in the decision making and states an inappropriate opinion towards the enterprise financial statements. Auditor will access inherent risk, control risk and accordingly find the level of audit risk materiality enables the auditor to apply procedure which can support his opinion that is higher the materiality level, higher will be materiality level, higher the need of audit evidence and lower will be the audit risk thus there is inverse relationship between audit materiality and audit risk. Also, there exists inverse relationship among risk of material misstatement and detection risk as higher the level of risk of misstatement lower will be the detection risk and vice versa. When there is lack of internal control environment in the current business establishment it will give rise to the associated inherent risk. When auditor is required to enhance its judgment skills to give an appropriate decision there can be a instance that auditor might misses out to ascertain material facts, this will give rise to the inherent risk (simplified, 2013). Control risk arises when related internal control in MSL exists but ineffective or in other words, we can say that when absence or failure in the operation of the relevant control of the entity results in amaterial misstatement in the financial statement. Assessment of control risk is higher if financial statement is prepared by individual who dont have necessary technical knowledge of accounting and finance (simplified, 2013). Situation of detection risk arise when in situation there are certain material miss-statements and auditor fails to disclose in its opinion report due to lack of determination and skills in identifying it. The auditor may apply proper policies and procedure to detect a material misstatement in financial statement arising due to omission, fraud, and error. Detection risk can be reduced or controlled by auditor if it increase the number of sample transaction for detailed (simplified, 2013). Bibliography ACCA. (2015).Answering Audit Risk Questions Retrieved April 20, 2017, from https://www.accaglobal.com/in/en/student/exam-support-resources/fundamentals-exams-study-resources/f8/technical-articles/audit-risk0.html ACCA. (2012). Relevant To Acca Qualification Paper P7 . Retrieved April 20, 2017, from https://www.accaglobal.com/content/dam/acca/global/PDF-students/2012s/sa_nov12_p7_ethics.pdf IRELAND, C. (2014). Provision Of Accounting Services To An Audit Client.Example Of Threats And Safeguards. Retrieved April 20, 2017, from Certified Public Accountants: https://www.cpaireland.ie/members/technical-resource/ethics/ethical-standards-for-auditors/accounting-services-examples-of-threats-and-safeguards Kaplan. (2012). The Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants. Retrieved April 20, 2017, from https://kfknowledgebank.kaplan.co.uk/KFKB/Wiki%20Pages/The%20Code%20of%20Ethics%20for%20Professional%20Accountants.aspx simplified, A. (2013). Audit Risk Model, Inherent Risk, Control Risk Detection Risk. Retrieved April 20, 2017, from https://accounting-simplified.com/audit/risk-assessment/audit-risk.html